This system uses the quadratic equation-based algorithm that fits to the power-voltage curve of the cell, and calculates the quadratic function corresponding to the maximum power point. It uses: a program-based software to execute the algorithm; a data acquisition board to acquire the solar panel voltage and current values; and a DC converter to adjust the output voltage.

After the acquisition of voltage and current signals, the algorithm calculates the desired location in terms of PWM command signals to a converter circuit. This high-speed PWM signals vary the voltage of the DC-DC converter in order to generate maximum power to charge a battery. This system also protects the battery against overcharging.

2. Sun Tracking Solar Panel

In this sun-tracking system, a solar panel is driven by Stepper motor based on the direction of the light intensity of the sun to generate maximum power through the panel. This system maintains the solar panel perpendicular to the Sun even when it moves from east to west.

In this project, the microcontroller acts as a main controller to drive the stepper motor; and the microcontroller is programmed in such a way that based on the time intervals, it controls the speed of the motor to avoid unusual climatic and weather conditions like cloudy weather conditions.

The motor is driven by a driver IC that rotates the motor both in clockwise and anti-clockwise directions. This project utilizes a real-time clock (RTC) to provide the internal clock that follows the sun.

3. Solar Powered LED Street Light with Auto Intensity Control

This project is proposed to conserve the energy of the battery, which is acquired from the solar panels. Therefore, the solar power generation based LED Street lights’ auto intensity control is achieved by varying the power available to the lights at specific time intervals. Because the solar energy is available during the day time only, therefore there is a need to conserve the energy of the battery which is actually from the solar panels.

The main aim of this project is to keep the required lighting during the peak hours, especially during huge traffic hours, and then to gradually reduce the lighting in sync with the approaching evening hours. The system uses low power consumption LEDs as a replacement to the high discharge lamps that consume more power.

The microcontroller is programmed in such a way that when the day time elapses and evening approaches, which is marked by a gradually diminishing light intensity, the energy supplied to the array of LED’s also decreases. MOSFET is used as a switch to vary the power applied to these LED’s by PWM technique.

4. Solar Powered Auto Irrigation System

This project utilizes the generated solar power for the auto-irrigation system. In this system, the solar power stored in the battery drives a motor to pump water. Depending on the soil condition, whether dry or wet, the motor is switched on or off. This minimizes the need and efforts of the farmers to continuously check the farm soil conditions in order to turn the pumping system on.

This system uses a microcontroller to control the motor by sensing the soil condition with a sensor. The system is programmed in keil software in such a way that while receiving the sensing information about the land, it automatically turns the relay that directs the motor to start. In addition to this, the information about the status of the motor whether it is turned ‘on’ or ‘off’ is displayed in the LCD display.

These are some of the solar power generation based projects that require solar panels to supply the power to the whole circuit. Almost all of these projects are microcontroller-based, except the first one, and therefore, they have been discussed here to give a basic idea to the students. We believe that you have thoroughly gone through all these projects, and therefore looking forward to your questions, comments, feedback and suggestions about all of them. You can post your comments, queries and feedback in the comments section given below:

Photo Credits

• Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system by leonics
• Block diagram of MPPT by bama.ua.edu