The stethoscope is an electronic device used by the doctors in the medical field or in medical applications. This device is used to listen to the internal sound of a human body or an animal and BP in veins and arteries. Normally, stethoscope includes a round shaped resonator or chest piece and two tubes. Where, the resonator is placed on the chest and tubes are connected to the ears. These devices are also used for monitoring different small scale acoustic tasks and to check the scientific vacuum chambers.

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The first audio amplifier was designed in the year 1909 by Lee De Forest when he developed the triode vacuum tube. The triode was a three terminal device with a control grid, which is used to modulate the electrons flow from the filament to the plate. This amplifier is mainly used to design the first AM radio. First audio amplifiers were based on valves which are called as vacuum tubes.But, present audio amplifiers are based on different types of transistors like FETSs, MOSFETs and BJTs. At present, there are still select valve sound and tube based amplifiers. In the year 1960, the audio amplifier which is based on transistors became hands-on with a low cost transistors in the wide range of availability. [Read more…]

Ultrasonic sound is a cyclic sound pressure with a high frequency than the upper limit of human hearing equal to 20KHz. Some animals like dolphins, mice, dogs, and bats have a high- frequency limit that is larger than that of the human ear & thus can hear ultrasound. This sound is very low in humans even at high intensities. Ultrasonic waves are found in wide industrial applications such as nondestructive testing of object is illuminated with ultrasonic waves and a repeat of the transmitted waves specifies a flaw, ball bearings, surgical instruments, Fine machine parts & several other objects can be cleaned ultrasonically. [Read more…]

In electronics, adder circuit performs addition of the binary numbers.in various computers and other types of processors. Adder circuits are not only used in ALUs, but also used in various processors to calculate increment or decrement operations, table indices, addresses, etc. A typical adder circuit generates sum and carry as the output. The main purpose of these addresses are used to add the different formats like XS-3, binary coded decimal (BCD) and gray code. When the one’s or two’s compliment are being used to specify negative numbers, it is small to alter adder to subtractor.A more complex adder is used to represent other signed numbers. The applications of adder circuit are, adder circuits are not only used to add binary numbers, but also used in digital applications such as address, table index, decoding and calculation etc. [Read more…]

Power electronics consist of various converter circuits such as AC to AC converter, AC to DC converter, DC to AC converter, cycloconverter, and so on. These converter circuits are frequently used in various electronic circuits and electronics projects for converting one form of electrical energy into another form of electrical another or electrical energy with different ratings in the same form. Here, in this article, let us discuss in detail about AC to AC converter circuit diagram and its working. But, primarily we must know what is an AC to AC converter.  [Read more…]

The vast collection of latest engineering project ideas mainly includes mini and major projects. In this article, we provide engineering projects ideas for final year engineering students.These projects will help to get  good score during project evaluation. It is common for engineering students selecting a topic that is difficult and too advanced to complete to score good marks during project execution. If you don’t have field expertise or programming expertise in the project selection, you may end up in trouble and you may be required to stop the project middle. [Read more…]

Nowadays, robots have become progressively helpful in the field of war because they will be armed and sent into hazardous areas to operate critical missions. A wireless data glove was developed for communications in these extreme environments whenever typing on a keyboard is either impractical or not possible. This paper reports an adoption of this communications glove for transmitting gestures to a military robot to control its functions. [Read more…]

Computer’s CPU (central processing unit) utilizes the hardware circuitry that includes electronic kits, micro chips, integrated circuits, and software (programming) technology. But, we must know how these hardware & software interact to perform all these required operations. We know that, the computers perform all its operations using binary digit format (for ease of operation, it uses binary instead of decimal values). [Read more…]